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Country Snapshot: Geography

Location

Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

Geographic Coordinates

46 00 N, 2 00 E

Map References

Europe

Area

Total: 551,500 sq km

Land: 549,970 sq km

Water: 1,530 sq km

Country Comparison to the World: 45

Area Comparative: slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas

Land Boundaries

Border Countries (8): Andorra 55 km, Belgium 556 km, Germany 418 km, Italy 476 km, Luxembourg 69 km, Monaco 6 km, Spain 646 km, Switzerland 525 km

Total: 2,751 km

Coastline: 3,427 km

Maritime Claims

Territorial Sea: 12 nm

Contiguous Zone: 24 nm

Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)

Continental Shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate

Generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral

Terrain

Mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

Elevation

Mean Elevation: 375 m

Lowest Point: Rhone River delta -2 m

Highest Point: Mont Blanc 4,810 m

Note: To assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit

Natural Resources

Coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish, French Guiana, gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay

Land Use

Agricultural land: 52.7% (2018 est.)

Arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)

Permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)

Permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)

Forest: 29.2% (2018 est.)

Other: 18.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated Land: 26,000 sq km (2012)

Total Renewable Water Resources

211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Population Distribution

Much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second

Natural Hazards

Flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean

Notes

  • Largest West European nation;
  • Most major French rivers—the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne—flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea